AI Article Synopsis
- A new model for underwater noise generated by breaking waves (whitecaps) is introduced and validated against laboratory measurements.
- The noise is attributed to sound pulses from bubbles created when waves break, with key factors influencing the noise level being bubble creation rate, damping, and scattering effects.
- The model's predictions align well with experimental data, revealing a specific noise level frequency dependence that matches known patterns observed in oceans.
Article Abstract
A model for the underwater noise of whitecaps is presented and compared with the noise measured beneath plunging seawater laboratory waves. The noise from a few hundred hertz up to at least 80 kHz is assumed to be due to the pulses of sound radiated by bubbles formed within a breaking wave crest. The total noise level and its dependence on frequency are a function of bubble creation rate, bubble damping factor and an 'acoustical skin depth' associated with scattering and absorption by the bubble plume formed within the crest. Calculation of breaking wave noise is made using estimates of these factors, which are made independently of the noise itself. The results are in good agreement with wave noise measured in a laboratory flume when compensated for reverberation. A closed-form, analytical expression for the wave noise is presented, which shows a -11/6 power-law dependence of noise level on frequency, in good agreement with the -10/6 scaling law commonly observed in the open ocean.
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| http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3419774 | DOI Listing |
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