Enuresis and daytime wetting as a biopsychosocial problem: a review.

Enuresis is considered to be the most prevalent of all childhood problems with important psychosocial consequences. Thorough research by both medical and psychological disciplines has resulted in a lack of agreement concerning definitions and terminology. Psychiatric classification systems stress phenomenological aspects such as age, frequency and duration of wetting episodes, but are not based on pathophysiologic aspects, whereas the International Children's Continence Society recommend distinguishing between monosymptomatic enuresis and complex/non-monosymptomatic enuresis depending on the absence or presence of bladder dysfunctions. Several epidemiological and cross-sectional studies show higher scores for behavioral problems in children with enuresis. Parental reports suggest more externalizing problems, attention/hyperactive problems and anxious/withdrawn behavior, however, no difference has been demonstrated in children's self-report concerning internalizing problems. Four different viewpoints relating to the association between enuresis and psychopathology are described, including their clinical implications. In conclusion, enuresis and daytime wetting is seen as a 'biopsychosocial' problem with evidence for pathophysiologic causes and is often associated psychiatric/psychological problems.