Under the influence of Emile Bourquelot, several French pharmacists at the Ecole supérieure de pharmacie de Paris and the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle formed, at the end of the 19th century and during the first half of the 20th century, a veritable "French school of heterosides". Their work, which involved perfecting a new method for stabilizing the plants with ethanol and a process for enzymatic detection, led them to isolate and identify a large number of heterosides from a wide variety of plants. Bourquelot and Bridel also showed that the enzymatic reactions were reversible, a discovery that permitted the biochemical synthesis of these heterosides.
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