The musculoskeletal conditions most commonly associated with diabetes are discussed below. One or more pathogenic mechanisms may be implicated in an association of a musculoskeletal condition with diabetes. Some rheumatological conditions are exclusive to diabetes whilst others occur more frequently in the diabetic population compared with non-diabetics. Whilst some musculoskeletal conditions may be managed conventionally when associated with diabetes, others may require special considerations. There is a preponderance of rheumatological manifestations of diabetes in the upper limb, although some conditions occur throughout the skeletal system.
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University of Belgrade, Faculty of Medicine, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Belgrade.
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Cognitive dysfunction in diabetes - the 'forgotten' diabetes complication: a narrative review.
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Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
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Department of Zoology, Zakir Husain Delhi College (University of Delhi), J.L.N. Marg, New Delhi, 110002, India.
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Utility of the C-peptide/insulin molar ratio for distinguishing type A insulin resistance syndrome from type 2 diabetes.
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Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
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