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Assessing Compliance: Violations of WHO Code in Breast Milk Substitute Marketing, Ecuador.
Matern Child Nutr
December 2024
Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
Breast milk substitute (BMS) marketing significantly influences global infant feeding practices. Ecuador, like many countries, seeks to regulate these promotions under the WHO's International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes. This cross-sectional analysis assessed BMS marketing compliance with WHO's Code in Ecuador.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFLevelling up health in the early years: A cost-analysis of infant feeding and healthcare.
PLoS One
May 2024
Glasgow Centre for Population Health, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.
Background: Although breastfeeding is recommended as the optimal form of nutrition in the first six months, it is not sustained as the predominant mode of feeding infants in Scotland. This study estimated the impact of infant feeding choices on primary and secondary healthcare service costs in a 13-year birth cohort.
Method: Using linked administrative datasets, in a retrospective cohort design of 502,948 singletons born in Scotland between 1997 and 2009, we estimated the cost of GP consultations and hospital admissions by area deprivation and mode of infant feeding up to 6-8 weeks for ten common childhood conditions from birth to 27 months.
High rates of International Code violations: a cross-sectional study in a region of Canada with low breastfeeding rates.
BMC Res Notes
March 2024
Division of Population Health and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine| Memorial University of Newfoundland, A1B 3V6, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.
Background: Exposure to marketing and promotion of commercial milk formula is associated with an increased likelihood of formula-feeding. In 1981, the International Code (IC) of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes was adopted by the 34th World Health Assembly to restrict the promotion, marketing and advertising of commercial milk formula and protect breastfeeding.
Research Aim: The current study examines mothers' exposure to violations of the IC in Newfoundland and Labrador, a province of Canada with low breastfeeding rates.
How the marketing practices of commercial milk formula companies impact infant breastfeeding practices in China.
BMJ Glob Health
November 2023
China Health Development Section, United Nations Children's Fund, Office for China, Beijing, China
Background: The marketing practices used by commercial milk formula (CMF) companies undermine breast feeding. However, it remains unclear how specific types of marketing practices result in suboptimal breast feeding.
Objectives: We aimed to examine the associations of CMF marketing practices with breastfeeding outcomes, determine the influencing pathways, how it changes the perceptions and attitudes of mothers towards CMF, and how it impacts breastfeeding outcomes.
Exploring women's exposure to marketing of commercial formula products: a qualitative marketing study from two sites in South Africa.
Glob Health Action
December 2022
School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.
Background: Regulating the marketing of commercial formula products is a long-term commitment required to protect breastfeeding. Marketing strategies of formula manufacturers, retailers and distributors evolve at a rapid rate.
Objective: The aim of this research was to describe exposure of pregnant women and mothers of young children in South Africa to marketing of commercial formula products, compared to international recommendations and national legislation.
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