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Evolutionary formation of melatonin and vitamin D in early life forms: insects take centre stage.
Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc
October 2024
Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
Melatonin, a product of tryptophan metabolism via serotonin, is a molecule with an indole backbone that is widely produced by bacteria, unicellular eukaryotic organisms, plants, fungi and all animal taxa. Aside from its role in the regulation of circadian rhythms, it has diverse biological actions including regulation of cytoprotective responses and other functions crucial for survival across different species. The latter properties are also shared by its metabolites including kynuric products generated by reactive oxygen species or phototransfomation induced by ultraviolet radiation.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEngineering of for 24-Methylene-Cholesterol Production.
Biomolecules
November 2021
School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
24-Methylene-cholesterol is a necessary substrate for the biosynthesis of physalin and withanolide, which show promising anticancer activities. It is difficult and costly to prepare 24-methylene-cholesterol via total chemical synthesis. In this study, we engineered the biosynthesis of 24-methylene-cholesterol in by disrupting the two enzymes (i.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMicroalgae Nannochloropsis oceanica as a future new natural source of vitamin D.
Food Chem
August 2020
Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Kemitorvet, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark.
For the last two decades there has been a rise in awareness about the general low dietary intake of vitamin D. Fish have the highest natural content of vitamin D, which is suggested to originate from zooplankton and microalgae. However there are no studies reporting which microalgal species may be the source of vitamin D.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFOxysterols as a biomarker in diseases.
Clin Chim Acta
April 2019
National Medicines Institute, Department of Spectrometric Methods, 30/34 Chełmska, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland.
Cholesterol is one of the most important chemical substances as a structural element in human cells, and it is very susceptible to oxidation reactions that form oxysterol. Oxysterols exhibit almost the exact structure as cholesterol and a cholesterol precursor (7-dehydrocholesterol) with an additional hydroxyl, epoxy or ketone moiety. The oxidation reaction is performed via an enzymatic or non-enzymatic mechanism.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEnzymatic chokepoints and synergistic drug targets in the sterol biosynthesis pathway of Naegleria fowleri.
PLoS Pathog
September 2018
Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
Naegleria fowleri is a free-living amoeba that can also act as an opportunistic pathogen causing severe brain infection, primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), in humans. The high mortality rate of PAM (exceeding 97%) is attributed to (i) delayed diagnosis, (ii) lack of safe and effective anti-N. fowleri drugs, and (iii) difficulty of delivering drugs to the brain.
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