Epizootiological control of bluetongue disease in Bulgaria in 2002.

In accordance with the National Surveillance Programme for the control of bluetongue (BT) disease in 2002, serum surveillance was performed in 22 sentinel, seronegative animal herds located in western Bulgaria. These herds were at least 40 km outside the settlements affected by the 2001 epidemic. Another 42 sentinel villages (herds) were established in southern Bulgaria in a 10 km border strip zone in the Bourgas, Yambol, Haskovo, Kardjali, Smolyan and Blagoevgrad Districts. The implementation of the programme in 2002 commenced on 15 April and continued until 15 November. More than 7 200 serum samples were tested prior to 26 August and no evidence of active BT virus (BTV) infection detected. This was confirmed by further viral, serological, epidemiological and clinico-pathological observations. In addition, there was no evidence of transborder penetration of BTV into Bulgaria by infected livestock or by infected Culicoides. However, on 26 August 2002, BTV seropositive sentinel animals were detected close to the southern Bulgarian border. Subsequently, animals were detected in more than 20 villages, but clinical disease was not observed. Bulgaria was divided into 58 quadrants (50 km x 50 km) and a Culicoides surveillance programme established in 23 of these. A total of 92 Culicoides light-trap collections were made. During three years of Culicoides surveillance, not a single specimen of the principal BT vector C. imicola was captured. The dominant Culicoides species was C. obsoletus, followed by C. pulicaris and C. punctatus; in August 2001, C. puncticollis was recorded for the first time. Studies on the seasonal phenology of Culicoides were conducted in two villages (Vacsevo and Bersin in the District of Kiustendil) affected in the 2001 outbreak of BT. Here trapping of Culicoides commenced on 1 March 2002 and continued until 15 November 2002; midges became active during the third week of April to almost cease in the second half of November. There appeared to be three peaks of activity: one during the second half of May, another in August and a third at the beginning of October.