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Background: Infertility is a special reproductive health defect. For women, congenital uterine malformations, extensive adhesions in the uterine cavity, and hysterectomy are associated with infertility. Uterine transplantation is technically feasible, but its clinical application and development are limited by donor shortages and immune rejection.

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Introduction: Duplication of the gallbladder is a rare congenital malformation associated with the development of cholelithiasis. It increases the risk of iatrogenic bile duct injury during cholecystectomy and can lead to symptom recurrence if missed. Although preoperative imaging is helpful, detection rates are around 50 %.

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22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is one of the most common congenital malformation syndromes resulting from disrupted embryonic development of pharyngeal pouches.

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Arthrogryposis, which represents a group of congenital disorders, includes various forms. One such form is amyoplasia, which most commonly presents in a sporadic form in addition to distal forms, among which hereditary cases may occur. This condition is characterized by limited joint mobility and muscle weakness, leading to limb deformities and various clinical manifestations.

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Frontal Paraventricular Cysts: Refined Definitions and Outcomes.

AJNR Am J Neuroradiol

January 2025

From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology (M.T.W., A.M., C.A.P.F.A., O.S, E.S.S.), and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (N.K.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Perelman School of Medicine (M.T.W., N.K., E.S.S.), Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology (C.A.P.F.A), Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; and Harvard Medical School (C.A.P.F.A), Boston, MA, USA.

Background And Purpose: Frontal paraventricular cystic changes have a varied etiology that includes connatal cysts, subependymal pseudocysts, necrosis, and enlarged perivascular spaces. These may be difficult to distinguish by neuroimaging and have a variety of associated prognoses. We aim to refine the neuroimaging definition of frontal horn cysts and correlate it with adverse clinical conditions.

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