A new cyclopropanation reaction involving Calpha-Si bond insertion of alkylidene carbenes derived from alpha-silyl ketones has been developed. This unprecedented alkylidene carbene reactivity features excellent selectivity for insertion into Calpha-Si bonds rather than insertion into Cgamma-H bonds or addition to gamma,delta-double or -triple bonds. The selectivity trend clearly indicates that the alpha-oxygen in the tether significantly promotes Cgamma-H insertion, although the Calpha-Si bond insertion still competes effectively.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja101998w | DOI Listing |
Chemistry
November 2024
Institute of Thermodynamics and Thermal Process Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 9, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
Supported ionic-liquid phase (SILP) technology in a biphasic setting with n-heptane as the transport phase was applied to the Ru-alkylidene-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalyzed macrocyclization of α,ω-dienes to elucidate the effect of ionic liquid (IL)-film thickness, flow rate as well as substrate and product concentration on macrocyclization efficiency, and Z-selectivity. To understand the molecular-level behavior of the substrates and products at the n-heptane/IL interphase, atomistic molecular dynamics simulations were conducted and correlated with experimental observations. The thickness of the IL layer strongly influences the Z/E ratio of the products in that a thin IL layer favors higher Z/E ratios by confining the catalyst between the pore wall and the liquid-liquid interphase whereas a thick IL layer favors formation of the E-product and Ru-hydride catalyzed isomerization reactions.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNat Commun
September 2024
Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, 999077, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR PRC.
Strained cycloalkynes are valuable building blocks in synthetic chemistry due to their high degree of reactivity and ability to form structurally complex scaffolds, common features of many pharmaceuticals and natural products. Alkylidene carbenes provide a pathway to the formation of strained cycloalkynes through Fritsch-Buttenberg-Wiechell rearrangements, but this strategy, like other methods of alkyne generation, is believed to depend upon a thermodynamic equilibrium that favors the alkyne over the carbene. Herein three highly strained, polycyclic alkynes, previously thought to be thermodynamically inaccessible, are generated under mild conditions and intercepted through Diels-Alder cycloaddition with a diene trapping agent.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Am Chem Soc
July 2024
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States.
Olefin metathesis catalyzed by iron complexes has garnered substantial interest due to iron's abundance and nontoxicity relative to ruthenium, yet its full potential remains untapped, largely because of the propensity of iron carbenes to undergo cyclopropanation instead of cycloreversion from a metallacycle intermediate. In this report, we elucidate the reactions of [{PC(sp)P}Fe(L)(N)], ([PC(sp)P] = bis[2-(diisopropylphosphino)phenyl]methylene) with strained olefins, unveiling their capability to yield metathesis-related products. Our investigations led to the isolation of a structurally characterized metallacyclobutane during the reaction with norbornadiene derivatives, ultimately leading to a ring-opened iron alkylidene.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFOrg Lett
April 2024
Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
Toward a regioselective method for the synthesis of β-halovinyl amides, we developed a transition-metal-free nucleophilic addition reaction of amides to haloalkynes. The regioselective nucleophilic addition was achieved under solvent-free conditions using phosphonates to protonate the intermediate alkylidene carbenoids, thus suppressing their decomposition. Furthermore, we demonstrate that β-halovinyl amides can serve as dual precursors of allyl halides and alkylidene carbenes to obtain functionalized indoles and pyrrolidones.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFChem Soc Rev
March 2024
Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S3H6.
The success and power of homogeneous catalysis derives in large part from the wide choice of transition metal ions and their ligands. This tutorial review introduces examples where the reactivity of a ligand is completely reversed (umpolung) from Lewis basic/nucleophilic to acidic/electrophilic or vice versa on changing the metal and co-ligands. Understanding this phenomenon will assist in the rational design of catalysts and the understanding of metalloenzyme mechanisms.
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