The role of echocardiography in hemodynamic assessment of septic shock.

Echocardiography is a rapid, noninvasive, comprehensive cardiac assessment option for patients presenting with hemodynamic instability. In patients with septic shock, echocardiography can be used to guide fluid therapy by measuring collapsibility of the inferior vena cava. Sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction can be diagnosed, and responses to therapy can be monitored with echo. Patients with persistent shock should be evaluated for right heart failure, dynamic left ventricular obstruction, or tamponade if they do not respond to resuscitation and norepinephrine. Unexpected or rare findings that affect management may be revealed using focused echocardiography. This article presents national and international competency statements regarding critical care echocardiography and training resources for intensivists.