Proof-reading signal accuracy of gene expression by binary differential display.

Differential display (DD) is commonly used for identifying differentially expressed genes. However, each cDNA species identified by DD must be verified so a "real difference" can be differentiated from false positives. Although Northern blot analysis is the gold standard it is labor intensive, time-consuming and requires a significant amount of RNA. To speed up and streamline the confirmation process, we developed a new strategy: binary differential display (BDD) based on the binding kinetics of the arbitrary primers in DD. After determining a cDNA sequence of interest from a DD screen, two more 13mer primers derived from the original arbitrary primer used can be designed to target a corresponding cDNA sequence of interest: one with perfect 5'-base matches and the other with additional mismatches at the 5'-base to the corresponding mRNA being confirmed. A separate reverse transcription and FDD are then performed with the same RNA samples being compared. BDD can quickly and accurately determine if a cDNA sequence identified by DD corresponds to a truly differentially expressed gene. In addition, the method is especially useful when more than one cDNA sequence was recovered from a DD band where the masking effect of false-positives can be clearly resolved. Given its simplicity and limited RNA sample required, BDD can be used as a general strategy for rapid confirmation of differentially expressed genes discovered by DD.