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Int J Environ Res Public Health
January 2025
Australasian Diving Safety Foundation, Canterbury, VIC 3126, Australia.
As snorkelling and breath-hold diving are conducted in a potentially hostile environment by participants with varying skills and health, fatalities occur. In this study, snorkelling and breath-hold diving fatalities were investigated in Australia from 2000 to 2021 to identify causes and countermeasures. The Australasian Diving Safety Foundation database and the National Coronial Information System were searched to identify snorkelling/breath-hold diving deaths from 2000 to 2021.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSports (Basel)
January 2025
Motion in Brains Research Group, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28023 Madrid, Spain.
To reduce the risk of syncope, trained breath-hold divers (BHDs) use a specialized breathing technique after surfacing called "hook breathing" (HB). It consists of a full inspiration followed by a Valsalva-like maneuver and with subsequent exhalation performed against resistance to generate continuous positive airway pressure during exhalation. This study analyzed the influence of HB on oxygen saturation recovery after a -40 m depth apnea dive in trained BHDs.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNeuroSci
January 2025
Department of Neurophysiology, Neuropsychology and Neuroinformatics, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland.
This review emphasises the importance of the cardiovascular response to facial cooling (FC) and breath holding in both sexes. The trigemino-cardiac reflex, triggered by FC, reduces heart rate (HR) and constricts blood vessels. When combined with breath holding, this effect intensifies, enhancing the cardiodepressive impact.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFront Physiol
January 2025
Environmental Physiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.
Background And Aim: Hyperventilation before breath-hold diving (freediving) is widely accepted as a risk factor for hypoxic syncope or blackout (BO), but there is no practical way to address it before dives. This study explores the feasibility of using a force sensor to predict end-tidal carbon dioxide ( CO) to assess hyperventilation in freedivers.
Methods And Results: Twenty-one freedivers volunteered to participate during two national competitions.
Aerosp Med Hum Perform
December 2024
Background: Swimming-induced pulmonary edema (SIPE), also called immersion pulmonary edema, is a form of exertional pulmonary edema associated with swimming and/or water immersion without aspiration. Most case reports on SIPE feature young, healthy patients who were scuba-diving, surface swimming, snorkeling, or breath-hold diving before experiencing symptoms of dyspnea, chest pain/tightness, cough, and hemoptysis. The incidence of SIPE is thought to be between 0.
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