AI Article Synopsis
- This study explored how ultrasound can break down parathion, achieving 99.7% degradation of a 2.9 µM solution in 30 minutes at 600 kHz with an intensity of 0.69 W/cm².
- Increasing the ultrasonic intensity from 0.10 to 0.69 W/cm² boosted the degradation rate, and the presence of dissolved oxygen enhanced the breakdown, while nitrogen inhibited it due to free radical scavenging.
- Different ions like CO(3)²⁻ and HCO₃⁻ slowed degradation, whereas Br⁻ promoted it, and natural organic materials had a significant inhibiting effect, especially the hydrophobic ones; three main degradation pathways for parathion were identified,
Article Abstract
Ultrasonic degradation of parathion has been investigated in this study. At a neutral condition, 99.7% of 2.9 microM parathion could be decomposed within 30 min under 600 kHz ultrasonic irradiation at ultrasonic intensity of 0.69 W/cm(2). The degradation rate increased proportionally with the increasing ultrasonic intensity from 0.10 to 0.69 W/cm(2). The parathion degradation was enhanced in the presence of dissolved oxygen due to formation of more ()OH, but was inhibited in the presence of nitrogen gas owning to the free radical scavenging effect in vapor phase within the cavitational bubbles. CO(3)(2-), HCO(3)(-), and Cl(-) exhibited the inhibiting effects on parathion degradation, and their inhibition degrees followed the order of CO(3)(2-)>HCO(3)(-)>Cl(-). But Br(-) had a promoting effect on parathion degradation, and the effect increased with the increasing Br(-) level. Moreover, both the hydrophobic and hydrophilic natural organic matters (NOM) could slow the parathion degradation, but the inhibiting effect caused by hydrophobic component was greater, especially the strongly hydrophobic NOM. The three reaction pathways of parathion sonolysis were proposed, including formation of paraoxon, formation of 4-nitrophenol, and unknown species products. The kinetics tests showed that anyone of these pathways could not be overlooked, and the fractions of the parathion decomposed in the three pathways were 28.19%, 32.92% and 38.89%, respectively. In addition, 66.61% of paraoxon produced was degraded into 4-nitrophenol. Finally, kinetics models were established to adequately predict the concentrations of parathion, paraoxon and 4-nitrophenol as a function of time.
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| http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2010.01.016 | DOI Listing |
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