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The progressive decline of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD) has been linked to an imbalance in energy and the failure of mitochondrial function. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), the major intracellular energy sensor, regulates energy balance, and damage to nigral dopaminergic neurons induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) is exacerbated in the absence of AMPK activity. This study aimed to examine the potential therapeutic advantages of AdipoRon, an AMPK activator, on motor function and mitochondrial homeostasis in a 6-OHDA-induced PD model.

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Parkinson's disease (PD) is a ubiquitous brain cell degeneration disease and presents a significant therapeutic challenge. By injecting 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the left medial forebrain bundle, rats were made to exhibit PD-like symptoms and treated by intranasal administration of a low-dose (2 × 10) or high-dose (1 × 10) human neural stem cells (hNSCs). Apomorphine-induced rotation test, stepping test, and open field test were implemented to evaluate the motor behavior and high-performance liquid chromatography was carried out to detect dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), serotonin, and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid in the striatum of rats.

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Objective: The primary goal was to compare the efficacy of administration of apomorphine (APO) administered by intranasal (IN), transconjunctival (TC), SC and IV routes with ropinirole eye drops for induction of emesis in dogs with a secondary goal to evaluate the time of emesis as well as difficulty in administration.

Animals: 125 client-owned dogs.

Methods: Dogs were randomly enrolled between October 1, 2021, and March 30, 2022, into groups of 25: IV APO, IN APO, TC APO, SC APO, and ropinirole eye drops.

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Intermittent Apomorphine Use for off Period Rescue in Parkinson's Disease: A Pragmatic Review of over Three Decades of Clinical Experience.

Mov Disord Clin Pract

February 2023

Edmond J. Safra Fellowship in Movement Disorders at Servicio de Movimientos Anormales, Departamento de Neurología Fleni Buenos Aires Argentina.

Background: Although proven very efficacious as treatment for Parkinson's disease by Schwab as far back as the 1950s, and later confirmed by Cotzias and colleagues in the early 1970s, use of intermittent subcutaneous injections of the dopamine agonist apomorphine remains limited worldwide.

Objectives: To review evidence regarding use of intermittent, on-demand apomorphine as a treatment for off-period disability in Parkinson's disease.

Methods: A PRISMA-compliant structured literature search was carried out with a focus on clinical effect (motor improvement, daily off time decrease; latency, duration), antiemetic prophylaxis, and adverse events.

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Dopamine (DA) is one of the main neurotransmitters found in the central nervous system and has a vital role in the function of dopaminergic (DArgic) neurons. A progressive loss of this specific subset of cells is one of the hallmarks of age-related neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Symptomatic therapy for PD has been centered in the precursor l-DOPA administration, an amino acid precursor of DA that crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) while DA does not, although this approach presents medium- to long-term side effects.

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