Psychotherapy research can be thought to involve multiple levels of analysis: client, therapist, and group. The authors argue that such research would benefit from the application of multilevel modeling. They illustrate the use of such a procedure for research studies of individual psychotherapy, group psychotherapy, and rolling group psychotherapy and provide SPSS syntax for all three cases. Psychotherapy is an inherently social process. Individual therapy involves a very complicated interaction between a client and therapist. Group therapy involves relationships between a therapist and each of the clients as well as relationships between clients. It is critical that the analysis of psychotherapy data explicitly recognize these interpersonal aspects of psychotherapy.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10503300902806681 | DOI Listing |
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
January 2025
Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, National Capital Region Biotech Science Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India.
Itaconate, an abundant metabolite produced by macrophages upon interferon-γ stimulation, possesses both antibacterial and immunomodulatory properties. Despite its crucial role in immunity and antimicrobial control, its mechanism of action and dissimilation are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that infection of mice with increases itaconate levels in lung tissues.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFElife
January 2025
Department of Psychology, University of York, North Yorkshire, United Kingdom.
Processing pathways between sensory and default mode network (DMN) regions support recognition, navigation, and memory but their organisation is not well understood. We show that functional subdivisions of visual cortex and DMN sit at opposing ends of parallel streams of information processing that support visually mediated semantic and spatial cognition, providing convergent evidence from univariate and multivariate task responses, intrinsic functional and structural connectivity. Participants learned virtual environments consisting of buildings populated with objects, drawn from either a single semantic category or multiple categories.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Vis
January 2025
Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
Beyond the light reflex, the pupil responds to various high-level cognitive processes. Multiple statistical regularities of stimuli have been found to modulate the pupillary response. However, most studies have used auditory or visual temporal sequences as stimuli, and it is unknown whether the pupil size is modulated by statistical regularity in the spatial arrangement of stimuli.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFClin J Sport Med
January 2025
Memorial Care Long Beach Medical Center, Long Beach, California.
Objective: The exertional compartment syndrome (ECS) is often a delayed diagnosis. Compartment pressure measurements (CPM) confirm the diagnosis. Herein we present our algorithm for the evaluation and management (E&M) of ECS.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEquine Vet J
January 2025
Equine Infectious Disease Surveillance (EIDS), Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Background: Anthelmintic resistance (AR) threatens effective equine parasite control. Quarterly data summaries from faecal worm egg count testing (FWECT) performed by UK laboratories have appeared in Equine Quarterly Disease Surveillance Reports (EQDSR) since 2007, but have not previously been assessed.
Objectives: To assess strongyle FWECT methods and thresholds used by UK laboratories.
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