Wettability-dependent DNAPL migration in a rough-walled fracture.

The effect of wettability on the migration of dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) through a rough-walled fracture was investigated. The migration characteristics of DNAPL were found to be strongly dependent on the wettability. For a fracture with a hydrophilic surface, DNAPL migrated through larger apertures as disconnected blobs when the groundwater flow regime was linear (Re=1). However, for non hydrophilic surfaces DNAPL did not migrate in the same way as for the hydrophilic surface. The intermediate-wet surface, with a contact angle of approximately 90 degrees , makes gravity pressure dominant over the capillary pressure, resulting in the fastest DNAPL migration. DNAPL was retained on the hydrophobic fracture, where the capillary barrier of larger apertures forced the DNAPL to migrate through the smaller apertures. In the nonlinear flow regime of Re=60, DNAPL generally migrated downward as a result of the inertial pressure of flowing water for all the wettability conditions, but the local downward migration paths were still determined by the capillary pressure, which resulted in the fastest and slowest migration on the hydrophilic and the hydrophobic fractures, respectively. This study implies that the hydrophilic and intermediate-wet surfaces will be favorable for DNAPL and oil recovery.