Antimicrobial peptides are major components of the innate immune defence. They are well conserved along evolution, non-toxic and they ensure potent defences against a large number of pathogens. They act by direct killing of microorganisms and they possess additional roles in the regulation of adaptive immune responses, by recruting or stimulating immune cells. Skin and gut are positioned at the interface of internal milieu and external environment. They represent a physical and chemical barrier against pathogens invasion and the antimicrobial peptides limit pathogen growth in normal conditions. During infection or injury, some of these peptides are overexpressed and disrupt microbial membranes and/or stimulate immune cell recruitment, allowing to return to homeostasis or to increase inflammation. Antimicrobial peptides expression is altered in several diseases: alpha-defensins deficiency is related with Crohn's disease and in skin, cathelicidin LL-37 and beta-defensin-2 are overexpressed in psoriasis, while in atopic dermatitis, their expression is decreased. The present review provides an up-to-date summary of the expression and the biological roles of the antimicrobial peptides found in the skin and gastrointestinal mucosa of the host, in normal and pathological conditions. The involvement of these natural antimicrobial peptides in inflammation, is also discussed.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161210790963823 | DOI Listing |
ACS Infect Dis
January 2025
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79117-900, Brazil.
Plants provide an abundant source of potential therapeutic agents, including a diverse array of compounds, such as cyclotides, which are peptides known for their antimicrobial activity. Cyclotides are multifaceted molecules with a wide range of biological activities. Their unique topology forms a head-to-tail cyclic structure reinforced by a cysteine knot, which confers chemical and thermal stability.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Extracell Vesicles
January 2025
Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive (IRSD), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France.
CprA is a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) that contributes to resistance against colistin and antimicrobial peptides. The cprA gene is conserved across Pseudomonas aeruginosa clades and its expression is directly regulated by the two-component system PmrAB. We have shown that cprA expression leads to the production of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) that block autophagic flux and have a greater capacity to activate the non-canonical inflammasome pathway.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRecent Pat Biotechnol
January 2025
Department of Zoology, University of Education, Bank Road Campus, Lahore, Pakistan.
The marine environment is one of the major biomass producers of algae and seaweed; it is rich in functional ingredients or active metabolites with valuable nutritional health effects. Algal metabolites derived from the cultivation of both microalgae and macroalgae may positively impact human health, offering physiological, pharmaceutical and nutritional benefits. Microalgae have been widely used as novel sources of bioactive substances.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFood Sci Anim Resour
January 2025
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt.
Amphibians are enjoyable globally for their culinary value and are increasingly considered alternative protein sources. However, the skin of edible amphibians, especially giant salamanders, is often discarded without much thought. However, this underutilized resource holds significant potential for yielding valuable proteins and bioactive peptides (BPs).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFront Bioeng Biotechnol
January 2025
Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomotology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral Soft and Hard Tissues Restoration and Regeneration, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
The combination of hydrophilic arginine residues and hydrophobic tryptophan residues is considered to be the first choice for designing short-chain antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) due to their potent antibacterial activity. Based on this, we designed an arginine- and tryptophan-rich short peptide, VR-12. Peri-implantitis is a significant microbial inflammatory disorder characterized by the inflammation of the soft tissues surrounding an implant, which ultimately leads to the progressive resorption of the alveolar bone.
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