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Feasibility of bystander-administered naloxone delivered by drone to opioid overdose victims.

Am J Emerg Med

September 2020

VCU Health, Department of Emergency Medicine, PO Box 980401, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America; VCU Health, Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology), PO Box 980036, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America. Electronic address:

Background: Currently, ≤5% of bystanders witnessing an opioid overdose (OD) in the US administer antidote to the victim. A possible model to mitigate this crisis would be a system that enables 9-1-1 dispatchers to both rapidly deliver naloxone by drone to bystanders at a suspected opioid OD and direct them to administer it while awaiting EMS arrival.

Methods: A simulated 9-1-1 dispatcher directed thirty subjects via 2-way radio to retrieve naloxone nasal spray from atop a drone located outside the simulation building and then administer it using scripted instructions.

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Aims: Survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is increased by bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Bystander performance can be improved when CPR instructions are delivered by a calltaker at the Emergency Communications Centre. Little is known about a young person's ability to understand these instructions and perform CPR correctly.

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