A routine method for the determination of the virus concentration in FMD virus cultures and vaccines was developed. This method was based on sedimentation equilibrium in the analytical ultraviolet scanning ultracentrifuge. The virus suspension was first clarified. The virions were then sedimented in a preparative ultracentrifuge. The resuspended virions were diluted in a Cesium chloride solution and brought to equilibrium in the density gradient generated in the analytical ultracentrifuge. The optical density of the virus band was measured by the UV scanning system. A calculation procedure was developed to compute the density at the limits and at the maximum of the virus band. The virus concentration expressed as weight, was calculated for the original virus suspension.
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JMIR Public Health Surveill
January 2025
School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City, Taiwan.
Background: Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and may cause fever, nausea, headache, or meningitis. It is currently unclear whether the epidemiological characteristics of the JEV have been affected by the extreme climatic conditions that have been observed in recent years.
Objective: This study aimed to examine the epidemiological characteristics, trends, and potential risk factors of JE in Taiwan from 2008 to 2020.
Parasit Vectors
January 2025
Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
Mosquitoes are responsible for the transmission of numerous pathogens, including Plasmodium parasites, arboviruses and filarial worms. They pose a significant risk to public health with over 200 million cases of malaria per annum and approximately 4 billion people at risk of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses). Mosquito populations are geographically expanding into temperate regions and their distribution is predicted to continue increasing.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFTrop Med Health
January 2025
Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health, No.5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon Township, Yangon, 11191, Myanmar.
Background: Myanmar is one of the countries in Southeast Asia where serious dengue outbreaks occur and Yangon is among the regions with the highest number of cases in the country. Many infections including dengue are common in Yangon during the rainy season, and co-infections may also occur. Adults are more likely than children to experience co-infections of dengue and other diseases.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMicrobiome
January 2025
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
Background: Genital inflammation increases HIV susceptibility and is associated with the density of pro-inflammatory anaerobes in the vagina and coronal sulcus. The penile urethra is a critical site of HIV acquisition, although correlates of urethral HIV acquisition are largely unknown. While Streptococcus mitis is a consistent component of the urethral flora, the presence of Gardnerella vaginalis has been linked with prior penile-vaginal sex and urethral inflammation.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBMC Med
January 2025
Department of Epidemiology, National Vaccine Innovation Platform, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
Background: While previous reports characterised global and regional variations in RSV seasonality, less is known about local variations in RSV seasonal characteristics. This study aimed to understand the local-level variations in RSV seasonality and to explore the role of geographical, meteorological, and socio-demographic factors in explaining these variations.
Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review to identify published studies reporting data on local-level RSV season onset, offset, or duration for at least two local sites.
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