Importance of prey and predator feeding behaviors for trophic transfer and secondary poisoning.

Hydrophobic contaminants accumulate within aquatic sediments, hence pelagic predators may have limited direct contact with such compounds, but can be exposed via their benthic prey (i.e., via dietary exposure). Here we examine the importance of feeding behaviors of both prey (sediment ingesters or noningesters) and predators (piercers or engulfers) in determining the extent of dietary exposure and toxic effects. A freshwater macroinvertebrate system was used, consisting of two predator species, a piercer (Notonecta glauca) and an engulfer (Ischnura elegans), and three prey species, a sediment noningester (Cloëon dipterum) and two sediment ingesters (Asellus aquaticus, Chironomus riparius). Predators were fed prey previously exposed to artificial sediment dosed with 30 microg/g of 14C benzophenone. The piercer predator accumulated more benzophenone from sediment ingester compared to sediment noningester prey, whereas the engulfer predator accumulated a similar concentration for all three prey species. Toxic effects, in terms of reduced feeding rate, were only observed with the engulfer feeding on sediment noningesters, probably due to the interaction between the narcotic mode of action of benzophenone and predator hunting strategy. The importance of dietary exposure in risk assessments may therefore depend on exposure pathways of prey, feeding behaviors of predators, and the contaminant's toxic mode of action.