A number of diagnostic tools have been developed over the past decade that facilitate the noninvasive evaluation of cerebral ischemia. From duplex Doppler ultrasound to xenon computed tomography and magnetic resonance angiography, a greater trend toward combining both anatomic and function information is anticipated. The methodology, limitations, and current clinical applications of these three diverse techniques, with emphasis on xenon computed tomography and magnetic resonance angiography, are discussed. Both xenon computed tomography and magnetic resonance angiography can be performed on current systems with minimal hardware and software modifications. As a result, standard anatomic and structural imaging can be supplemented with diverse information such as quantitative brain perfusion without and with flow challenging as well as flow mapping and velocity imaging, which approximates conventional x-ray angiography.
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