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Organization of the stalk system on electrocytes in mormyrid weakly electric fish Campylomormyrus compressirostris.
Cell Tissue Res
December 2024
Unit of Evolutionary Biology/Systematic Zoology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
The adult electric organ in weakly electric mormyrid fish consists of action-potential-generating electrocytes, structurally and functionally modified skeletal muscle cells. The electrocytes have a disc-shaped portion and, on one of its sides, numerous thin processes, termed stalklets. These unite to stalks leading to a single main stalk that carries the innervation site.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFGLP-1 receptor signaling restores aquaporin 4 subcellular polarization in reactive astrocytes and promotes amyloid β clearance in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun
December 2024
Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan. Electronic address:
The physiological actions of a gut hormone, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain remain poorly understood, although GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) expression in this organ has been shown in several experimental studies. Therefore, we explored whether the GLP-1R signaling promotes the clearance of amyloid β (Aβ) (1-42) which is a core pathological hallmark of AD, focusing on the water channel protein aquaporin 4 (AQP4) localized to astrocyte endfeet perivascular membranes in intact brain. First, we confirmed that Glp1r mRNA is predominantly expressed at perivascular site of astrocytes in normal mouse cerebral cortex through in situ hybridization analysis.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPacket information encoding in a cerebellum-like circuit.
PLoS One
September 2024
Departamento de Neurociencias Integrativas y Computacionales, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay.
Packet information encoding of neural signals was proposed for vision about 50 years ago and has recently been revived as a plausible strategy generalizable to natural and artificial sensory systems. It involves discrete image segmentation controlled by feedback and the ability to store and compare packets of information. This article shows that neurons of the cerebellum-like electrosensory lobe (EL) of the electric fish Gymnotus omarorum use spike-count and spike-timing distribution as constitutive variables of packets of information that encode one-by-one the electrosensory images generated by a self-timed series of electric organ discharges (EODs).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFUnpacking Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation using simulations and relating current flow to reported motions: Comparison across common and specialized electrode placements.
PLoS One
August 2024
Research and Development, Soterix Medical, Woodbridge, New Jersey, United States of America.
Background: Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS) is a non-invasive electrical stimulation technique that is typically used to probe the vestibular system. When using direct current or very low frequency sine, GVS causes postural sway or perception of illusory (virtual) motions. GVS is commonly delivered using two electrodes placed at the mastoids, however, placements involving additional electrodes / locations have been employed.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFImmunomodulatory imide drugs inhibit human detrusor smooth muscle contraction and growth of human detrusor smooth muscle cells, and exhibit vaso-regulatory functions.
Biomed Pharmacother
August 2024
Department of Urology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
Background: The immunomodulatory imide drugs (IMiDs) thalidomide, lenalidomide and pomalidomide may exhibit therapeutic efficacy in the prostate. In lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), voiding and storage disorders may arise from benign prostate hyperplasia, or overactive bladder. While current therapeutic options target smooth muscle contraction or cell proliferation, side effects are mostly cardiovascular.
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