The authors applied a statistical method to subclassify tardive dyskinesia (TD) in 71 psychiatric patients. Based on two-step statistical procedures and findings reported previously, TD is considered to consist of 2 subgroups: a classical dyskinesic group and a dystonic group. Symptoms manifested in the former group are seen most frequently in the oral region while the latter group, which is usually called tardive dystonia, is manifested by movement disorders in the trunk and extremities, predominantly. Abnormal movements occurring in the facial region characterize a population whose members may belong to either group.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb03069.x | DOI Listing |
Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y)
January 2025
Department of Neurology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
Background: Despite efforts to visualize all the movements of tongue and oropharynx in individuals with focal movement disorders (specifically tardive dyskinesia (TD)), clinicians can miss the complete picture and additional tools may be required to reach an accurate diagnosis.
Cases: We present three cases with TD where ultrasound assisted in diagnoses. These individuals had difficulty swallowing and abnormal sensations in the tongue, which remained undiagnosed until we performed ultrasound of oropharynx which allowed for characterization of these movements.
Am J Ther
January 2025
Department of Psychiatry, University of Health Sciences, Erzurum City Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey.
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