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Aflatrem is a potent tremorgenic toxin produced by the soil fungus Aspergillus flavus, and a member of a structurally diverse group of fungal secondary metabolites known as indole-diterpenes. Gene clusters for indole-diterpene biosynthesis have recently been described in several species of filamentous fungi. A search of Aspergillus complete genome sequence data identified putative aflatrem gene clusters in the genomes of A. flavus and Aspergillus oryzae. In both species the genes for aflatrem biosynthesis cluster at two discrete loci; the first, ATM1, is telomere proximal on chromosome 5 and contains a cluster of three genes, atmG, atmC, and atmM, and the second, ATM2, is telomere distal on chromosome 7 and contains five genes, atmD, atmQ, atmB, atmA, and atmP. Reverse transcriptase PCR in A. flavus demonstrated that aflatrem biosynthesis transcript levels increased with the onset of aflatrem production. Transfer of atmP and atmQ into Penicillium paxilli paxP and paxQ deletion mutants, known to accumulate paxilline intermediates paspaline and 13-desoxypaxilline, respectively, showed that AtmP is a functional homolog of PaxP and that AtmQ utilizes 13-desoxypaxilline as a substrate to synthesize aflatrem pathway-specific intermediates, paspalicine and paspalinine. We propose a scheme for aflatrem biosynthesis in A. flavus based on these reconstitution experiments in P. paxilli and identification of putative intermediates in wild-type cultures of A. flavus.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02146-08 | DOI Listing |
J Biosci Bioeng
November 2024
Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. Electronic address:
PLoS One
October 2023
Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States of America.
In fungi, conserved homeobox-domain proteins are transcriptional regulators governing development. In Aspergillus species, several homeobox-domain transcription factor genes have been identified, among them, hbxA/hbx1. For instance, in the opportunistic human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus, hbxA is involved in conidial production and germination, as well as virulence and secondary metabolism, including production of fumigaclavines, fumiquinazolines, and chaetominine.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Rep
July 2019
Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100193, P.R. China.
Aflatoxin B (AFB), the predominant and most carcinogenic naturally polyketide, is mainly produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Cinnamaldehyde has been reported for inhibiting the growth and aflatoxin biosynthesis in A. flavus.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAppl Environ Microbiol
March 2019
Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
is an opportunistic fungal plant and human pathogen and a producer of mycotoxins, including aflatoxin B (AFB). As part of our ongoing studies to elucidate the biological functions of the gene, we examined its role in the pathogenicity of both plant and animal model systems. encodes a putative RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcription elongation factor previously characterized in , , and , where it was shown to regulate several important cellular processes, including morphogenesis and secondary metabolism.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFG3 (Bethesda)
January 2019
Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois
In filamentous fungi, homeobox proteins are conserved transcriptional regulators described to control conidiogenesis and fruiting body formation. Eight homeobox () genes are found in the genome of the aflatoxin-producing ascomycete, While loss-of-function of seven of the eight genes had little to no effect on fungal growth and development, disruption of , resulted in aconidial colonies and lack of sclerotial production. Furthermore, the mutant was unable to produce aflatoxins B and B, cyclopiazonic acid and aflatrem.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEnter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!