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A hypothesis concerning distinct schemes of olfactory activation evoked by perceived versus nonperceived input.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
March 2022
Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
SignificanceThe authors propose that odors are consciously perceived or not, depending on whether the olfactory cortex succeeds in activating the endopiriform nucleus-a structure that, in turn, is capable of activating multiple downstream brain areas. The authors further propose that the cellular mechanisms of endopiriform nucleus activation are an attenuated form of cellular events that occur during epileptic seizure initiation. If correct, the authors' hypothesis could help explain the mechanisms of action of certain general anesthetics.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe Effects of Sex-Type, the Sex of the Avatar, and Salience of the Sex of the Avatar on Emotional Valence and Arousal.
Front Psychol
May 2021
The Edward R. Murrow College of Communication, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of avatar sex, salience of avatar sex, and player sex-type on less conscious embodied emotional arousal and valence vs. consciously perceived emotional arousal and valence elicited by a gaming experience. The experiment conducted a 2 avatar sex (female × male) × 2 salience of avatar sex (high × low) × 2 player sex-type (sex-typed × non-sex-typed) mixed model factorial design.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAlpha rhythms (∼10Hz) in the human brain are classically associated with idling activities, being predominantly observed during quiet restfulness with closed eyes. However, recent studies demonstrated that alpha (∼10Hz) rhythms can directly relate to visual stimulation, resulting in oscillations, which can last for as long as one second. This alpha reverberation, dubbed perceptual echoes (PE), suggests that the visual system actively samples and processes visual information within the alpha-band frequency.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFHow expectations of pain elicited by consciously and unconsciously perceived cues unfold over time.
Neuroimage
July 2021
Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA. Electronic address:
Expectation can shape the perception of pain within a fraction of time, but little is known about how perceived expectation unfolds over time and modulates pain perception. Here, we combine magnetoencephalography (MEG) and machine learning approaches to track the neural dynamics of expectations of pain in healthy participants with both sexes. We found that the expectation of pain, as conditioned by facial cues, can be decoded from MEG as early as 150 ms and up to 1100 ms after cue onset, but decoding expectation elicited by unconsciously perceived cues requires more time and decays faster compared to consciously perceived ones.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe Sphincter of O'Beirne-Part 2: Report of a Case of Chronic Constipation with Autonomous Dyssynergia.
Dig Dis Sci
October 2021
Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, HSC-3H1F, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada.
Background: Chronic constipation can have one or more of many etiologies, and a diagnosis based on symptoms is not sufficient as a basis for treatment, in particular surgery.
Aim: To investigate the cause of chronic constipation in a patient with complete absence of spontaneous bowel movements.
Methods: High-resolution colonic manometry was performed to assess motor functions of the colon, rectum, the sphincter of O'Beirne and the anal sphincters.
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