The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of heterogeneous hematological disorders and characterized by abnormalities of bone marrow myeloblasts in morphology and count, ineffective hematopoiesis, decrease of peripheral blood cells and high risk of transforming into acute myeloid leukemia. In this review, the morphological examination of bone marrow, bone marrow biopsy, karyotyping analysis of chromosome, and the significance of flow cytometric immunophenotyping for diagnosis and prognosis of MDS patients are discussed.
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