Nonhomologous end-joining DNA repair factors, including Artemis, are all required for the repair of DNA double-strand breaks, which occur during the assembly of the variable antigen recognition domain of B-cell receptors and T-cell receptors through the V(D)J recombination. Mature B cells further shape their immunoglobulin repertoire on antigen recognition notably through the class switch recombination (CSR) process. To analyze the role of Artemis during CSR, we developed a mature B-cell-specific Artemis conditional knockout mouse to bypass the absence of B cells caused by its early deficit. Although CSR is not overwhelmingly affected in these mice, class switching to certain isotypes is clearly reduced both in vitro on B-cell activation and in vivo after keyhole limpet hemocyanin immunization. The reduced CSR in Artemis-deficient B cells is accompanied by the increase in DNA microhomology usage at CSR junctions, the imprint of an alternative DNA end-joining pathway. Likewise, significant increase in DNA microhomology usage is the signature of CSR junctions obtained from human RS-SCID patients harboring hypomorphic Artemis mutations. Altogether, this indicates that Artemis participates in the repair of a subset of DNA breaks generated during CSR.
ConspectusOrganic mixed ionic electronic conductors (OMIECs) represent an exciting and emerging class of materials that have recently revitalized the field of organic semiconductors. OMIECs are particularly attractive because they allow both ionic and electronic transport while retaining the inherent benefits of organic semiconducting materials such as mechanical conformability and biocompatibility. These combined properties make the OMIECs ideal for applications in bioelectronics, energy storage, neuromorphic computing, and electrochemical transistors for sensing.
Medical education, which generally relied heavily on intelligence quotients, has found a new value in emotional intelligence (EI), specifically after the challenges faced during the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has had some apparent and some intangible effects, as this required an emergency switch to online teaching and learning. Aim: This study was conducted to compare the trait emotional intelligence (TEI) score of medical undergraduates with the increasing number of years of medical curriculum.
Herein, we present a strategy to access a novel class of pH-responsive, dual-state emissive (DSE), highly fluorescent pyrrole-based chromophores diformylation of dipyrroethenes (DPE) followed by condensation with various aniline derivatives. The DPE-based chromophores exhibit a large Stokes shift and maintain good fluorescence quantum yields. Remarkably, these chromophores demonstrate reversible colourimetric changes and a fluorometric 'on-off-on' switch in response to pH variations.
Background: Accruing evidence suggests that personality-based approaches to eating disorder classification may offer several advantages over current diagnostic models, with prior research consistently identifying three personality-based groups characterized by either (1) high levels of impulsivity and dysregulation (termed the "undercontrolled" group), (2) high levels of rigidity and avoidance (termed the "overcontrolled" group), or (3) relatively normative levels of personality functioning (termed the "low psychopathology" group). Cognitive inflexibility (i.e.
Macrocycles represent one important class of functional molecules, and dynamic macrocycles with the potential of cleavability, adaptability, and topological conversion are challenging. Herein we report photoswitchable allosteric and topological control of dynamic covalent macrocycles and further the use in guest binding and mechanically interlocked molecules. The manipulation of competing ring-chain equilibria and bond formation/scission within reaction systems enabled light-induced structural regulation over dithioacetal and thioacetal dynamic bonds, accordingly realizing bidirectional switching between crown ether-like covalent macrocycles and their linear counterparts.
