A patient is admitted in hospital to explore a nephrotic proteinuria associated with milky urine. This is explained by a chyluria (presence of lymphatic fluid in the urines), which is due to a pyelolymphatic fistula probably linked to a lymphatic filariasis. Usually, the diagnosis of chyluria can be confirmed by the presence of urinary chylomicrons. The presence of an urinary-lymphatic fistula can be proved by different techniques (cystoscopy, retrograde pyelography, uroscanner, lymphoscintigraphy). The main cause of chyluria is parasitic infections (filarial infection, echinococcus, cysticercosis), but other causes can be found, such as granulomatosis, neoplasia, lymphatic malformations, or sequela of surgery or traumatism. Chyluria is one of the causes of post-nephronic nephrotic proteinuria. Depending on the impact of the chyluria for the patient, there will either be no treatment, or a treatment by sclerotherapy or surgery.
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