Background: Legislation requiring bittering of antifreeze enables assessment of the impact on frequency, volume, and severity of pediatric antifreeze ingestions.
Methods: US poison control data for antifreeze ingestions in children younger than 5 years were analyzed comparing 232 ingestions occurring in states after enactment of bittering requirements with 6218 cases occurring in states (or at times) where bittering was not required.
Results: The frequency of pediatric antifreeze ingestions was unchanged after implementation of bittering in Oregon and California. The medical outcome distribution, median volume ingested, and observed clinical effects were no different in bittered compared with nonbittered groups. Likewise, the rates of hospital admission, critical care treatment, and use of alkalinization, hemodialysis, or intubation showed no differences with bittering.
Conclusion: Despite the appealing logic of limiting the ingested volume and thereby the severity of poisonings by adding aversive agents, and despite promising results in volunteer studies, bittering agents do not decrease the frequency or severity of pediatric antifreeze poisonings. The addition of bittering agents to household products cannot be justified based on actual poisoning data.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
|---|---|
| http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009922809339522 | DOI Listing |
Publication Analysis
Top Keywords
Similar Publications
Anxiety modulators elicit different behavioral outcomes in adult zebrafish: Emphasis on homebase-related parameters and spatio-temporal exploration.
Pharmacol Biochem Behav
January 2025
Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA. Electronic address:
Anxiety is an emotion that represents a crucial anticipatory reaction of aversive stimuli, with clinical relevance in cases of disproportional and severe occurrences. Although distinct animal models have contributed to elucidate anxiety-related mechanisms, the influence of anxiogenic and anxiolytic modulations on both locomotion and exploration-related parameters in the open field test (OFT) is not fully elucidated. Here, we aimed to assess the influence of anxiogenic and anxiolytic manipulations on the exploratory dynamics of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) focusing on homebase-related behaviors.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAqueous extract of Spirulina exerts neuroprotection in an experimental model of Alzheimer sporadic disease in mice induced by Streptozotocin.
Metab Brain Dis
November 2024
Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that causes gradual memory loss and cognitive impairment. Intracerebroventricular injections of streptozotocin (ICV-STZ) have been used as an experimental model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (SAD) because they produce deficits in brain insulin signaling, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration, resulting in cognitive decline and memory impairment. Spirulina platensis (SPI) is a nutraceutical with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDistinct populations suppress or escalate intake of cocaine paired with aversive quinine.
Drug Alcohol Depend
December 2024
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W University Ave, El Paso, TX 79902, USA. Electronic address:
Background: Only a subset of individuals who encounter illicit drugs become persons with a substance use disorder. Individual differences in aversive reactions to drug-associated phenomena like smoke inhalation and unpleasant taste are predictors for continued use. While several preclinical studies have explored self-administration involving aversive cues, none have simultaneously introduced aversion with the initial drug self-administration.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFKetamine modulates the exploratory dynamics and homebase-related behaviors of adult zebrafish.
Pharmacol Biochem Behav
December 2024
Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), USA. Electronic address:
Anxiety can be a protective emotion when animals face aversive conditions, but is commonly associated with various neuropsychiatric disorders when pathologically exacerbated. Drug repurposing has emerged as a valuable strategy based on utilizing the existing pharmaceuticals for new therapeutic purposes. Ketamine, traditionally used as an anesthetic, acts as a non-competitive antagonist of the glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, and shows potential anxiolytic and antidepressant effects at subanesthetic doses.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFA Drosophila computational brain model reveals sensorimotor processing.
Nature
October 2024
Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Article Synopsis
- - The assembly of the Drosophila melanogaster brain connectome, featuring over 125,000 neurons and 50 million synaptic connections, serves as a framework to study sensory processing across the brain.
- - A computational model simulating the fly's brain was created to investigate the neural circuits involved in feeding and grooming behaviors, accurately predicting neuron responses to taste and motor activity.
- - The model also extends to mechanosensory circuits, confirming its ability to predict neuronal activation patterns and providing valuable insights into how the brain processes different sensory stimuli for behaviors.
Want AI Summaries of new PubMed Abstracts delivered to your In-box?
Enter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!