Influences of prolonged viewing of tilted lines on perceived line orientation: the normalization and tilt after-effect.

Gibson [J. Exp. Psychol. 16, 1 (1993)] observed that during prolonged viewing, a line perceptually rotates toward the nearest vertical or horizontal meridian (the normalization effect), and moreover, the perceived orientation of a subsequently presented line depends on the orientation of the adapting one (the tilt after-effect). The mechanisms of both phenomena remain poorly understood. According to our experimental results, the adapting line perceptually rotates to the nearest of three orientations: vertical, horizontal, and diagonal. We propose a simple neuronal model of orientation detectors whose responses are determined by the cardinal detectors. It is shown that both normalization and tilt after-effect may be explained by adaptation of these cardinal detectors.