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Isoleucine at position 137 of Hemagglutinin acts as a Mammalian adaptation marker of H9N2 Avian influenza virus.
Emerg Microbes Infect
January 2025
Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Liaoning Panjin Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
The H9N2 subtype of avian influenza virus (AIV) is widely distributed among poultry and wild birds and is also a threat to humans. During AIV active surveillance in Liaoning province from 2015 to 2016, we identified ten H9N2 strains exhibiting different lethality to chick embryos. Two representative strains, A/chicken/China/LN07/2016 (CKLN/07) and A/chicken/China/LN17/2016 (CKLN/17), with similar genomic background but different chick embryo lethality, were chosen to evaluate the molecular basis for this difference.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBetween 21 September and 6 December 2024, 657 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) and A(H5N5) virus detections were reported in domestic (341) and wild (316) birds across 27 countries in Europe. Many HPAI outbreaks in domestic birds were clustered in areas with high poultry density and characterised by secondary farm-to-farm spread. Waterfowl, particularly the mute swan, were primarily affected during this reporting period, with HPAI virus detections focused on south-eastern Europe.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRandom forest algorithm reveals novel sites in HA protein that shift receptor binding preference of the H9N2 avian influenza virus.
Virol Sin
December 2024
Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China. Electronic address:
A switch from avian-type α-2,3 to human-type α-2,6 receptors is an essential element for the initiation of a pandemic from an avian influenza virus. Some H9N2 viruses exhibit a preference for binding to human-type α-2,6 receptors. This identifies their potential threat to public health.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRecombinant avian metapneumovirus subtype C expressing HA protein of H9N2 avian influenza virus are stable and induce protection.
Front Microbiol
December 2024
Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China.
To prevent H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) and Avian metapneumonovirus/C (aMPV/C) infections, we constructed recombinant aMPV/C viruses expressing the HA protein of H9N2 AIV. In addition, EGFP was inserted into the intermediate non-coding region of P-M protein in the aMPV/C genome using a reverse genetic system. The conditions for rescuing the recombinant virus were enhanced followed by insertion of the H9N2 AIV HA gene into the same location in the aMPV/C.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFOrigin, spread, and interspecies transmission of a dominant genotype of BJ/94 lineage H9N2 avian influenza viruses with increased threat.
Virus Evol
December 2024
National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
The H9N2 subtype of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) is widely prevalent in poultry and wild birds globally, with occasional transmission to humans. In comparison to other H9N2 lineages, the BJ/94 lineage has raised more public health concerns; however, its evolutionary dynamics and transmission patterns remain poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that over three decades (1994-2023), BJ/94 lineage has undergone substantial expansion in its geographical distribution, interspecies transmission, and viral reassortment with other AIV subtypes, increasing associated public health risks.
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