Clean versus sterile technique for common joint injections: a review from the physiatry perspective.

Preparation of the skin prior to joint injection varies widely among disciplines and across regional borders. This is likely due to the paucity of literature on the most effective and efficient methods of preparation. There is no standard definition of clean technique prior to joint injection. Review of the available literature suggests that alcohol is effective preparation for the skin prior to most procedures. Surveys of current clinical practice demonstrate that the use of gloves may be favored, but no conclusions can be drawn in regards to whether sterile gloves are required. Clean technique should be defined as use of non-sterile gloves and agents such as alcohol or soap prior to injection. Significant cost savings may be achieved with the consistent use of clean technique for preparation of the skin prior to joint injection. Further study should address the incidence of iatrogenic bacterial arthritis following clean technique versus sterile technique for joint injection.