NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and molecular modeling studies indicate that N,N-disubstituted-1,4-diazepane orexin receptor antagonists exist in an unexpected low-energy conformation that is characterized by an intramolecular pi-stacking interaction and a twist-boat ring conformation. Synthesis and evaluation of a macrocycle that enforces a similar conformation suggest that this geometry mimics the bioactive conformation.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.04.026 | DOI Listing |
Int J Mol Sci
December 2024
A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia.
Sleep is the most important physiological function of all animals studied to date. Sleep disorders include narcolepsy, which is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, disruption of night sleep, and muscle weakness-cataplexy. Narcolepsy is known to be caused by the degeneration of orexin-synthesizing neurons (hypocretin (HCRT) neurons or orexin neurons) in the hypothalamus.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInt J Mol Sci
December 2024
Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
One of the key factors that contribute to tumor progression and resistance is the immunosuppressive microenvironment of the tumor. CD200 is a recently identified cell surface glycoprotein recognized as an important molecule in breast cancer for its versatile modulation of the immune response via its receptor, CD200R. The interaction between CD200 and CD200R suppresses the immune activities against tumor cells and allows them to be undetected and, in doing so, to escape from the destructive capability of the immune cells.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSleep
January 2025
Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology, Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland.
Expert Opin Emerg Drugs
January 2025
Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Introduction: Preclinical and clinical pharmacologic evidence indicate that orexin systems are relevant to sleep-wake cycle regulation and dimensions of reward and cognition, providing the basis to hypothesizing that they may be effective as therapeutics in mental disorders. Due to the limited efficacy and tolerability profiles of existing treatments for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), investigational compounds in novel treatment classes are needed; seltorexant, an orexin receptor antagonist, is a potential new treatment currently under investigation.
Areas Covered: Mechanisms implicated in MDD, including reward and sleep are first overviewed.
Toxicol Sci
January 2025
Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA.
The frequency of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in clinical trials remains a challenge for drug developers despite advances in human hepatotoxicity models and improvements in reducing liver-related attrition in preclinical species. TAK-994, an oral orexin receptor 2 agonist, was withdrawn from phase II clinical trials due to the appearance of severe DILI. Here, we investigate the likely mechanism of TAK-994 DILI in hepatic cell culture systems examined cytotoxicity, mitochondrial toxicity, impact on drug transporter proteins, and covalent binding.
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