It has been reported that relatively short RNAs of heterogeneous sizes are derived from sequences near the promoters of eukaryotic genes. In conjunction with the FANTOM4 project, we have identified tiny RNAs with a modal length of 18 nt that map within -60 to +120 nt of transcription start sites (TSSs) in human, chicken and Drosophila. These transcription initiation RNAs (tiRNAs) are derived from sequences on the same strand as the TSS and are preferentially associated with G+C-rich promoters. The 5' ends of tiRNAs show peak density 10-30 nt downstream of TSSs, indicating that they are processed. tiRNAs are generally, although not exclusively, associated with highly expressed transcripts and sites of RNA polymerase II binding. We suggest that tiRNAs may be a general feature of transcription in metazoa and possibly all eukaryotes.
In animals, 18-35-nt piRNAs guide PIWI proteins to regulate complementary RNAs. During male meiosis, mammals produce an exceptionally abundant class of piRNAs called pachytene piRNAs. Pachytene piRNAs are required for spermatogenesis and have been proposed to control gene expression by various mechanisms.
Development of aptatheranostics for glioblastoma (GB) requires investigating aptamer interactions with cells. The paper has described flow cytometry (FC) assessment of direct interactions of fluorescent anti-CD133 aptamers with cells, focusing on cell cultures derived from patient GB (CCPGB). Conventional cell lines with different levels of CD133 mRNA, Caco-2 and HCT116, were used to compare interactions with known 2'FY-RNA aptamer A15 and DNA aptamers of Ap and Cs series, labeled with FAM and Cy5.
Non-coding RNAs, particularly MicroRNAs (miRNAs), play a crucial role in regulating gene expression by binding to specific mRNA targets, leading to gene silencing through degradation or translational inhibition.
* The research on miRNAs has enhanced our understanding of disease mechanisms and opened up potential therapeutic avenues, despite not yet having established clinical applications.
* A comprehensive grasp of miRNA biology is essential for their future use in diagnostics and treatments, encouraging ongoing studies to explore their roles in health and disease.
Genetic control is vital for the growth of cells and tissues, and it also helps living things, from single-celled organisms to complex creatures, maintain a stable internal environment. Within cells, structures called mitochondria act like tiny power plants, producing energy and keeping the cell balanced. The two primary categories of RNA are messenger RNA (mRNA) and non-coding RNA (ncRNA).
Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
Viral infections in humans often cause excessive inflammation. In some viral infections, inflammation can be serious and even fatal, while in other infections it can promote viral clearance. Viruses can escape from the host immune system via regulating inflammatory pathways, thus worsening the illness.
