Purpose Of Review: The purpose of this article is to review recent findings about HIV in the genital tract. HIV is primarily a sexually transmitted disease, and the efficiency of transmission must reflect the biology of the genital tract. In addition, it has become increasingly clear that the male and female genital tract represent a unique reservoir that requires independent and detailed study.
Recent Findings: This review will address new data on the source of HIV in the genital tract, factors that affect HIV genital viral burden, ways that genital HIV differs from circulating HIV, drug resistance in the genital tract, and new insights and models of genital HIV transmission and immune response.
Summary: Understanding how HIV infects, resides, and survives in the genital milieu is critical to understanding the disease itself, and devising ways to halt its spread.
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| http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.COH.0000199799.06454.10 | DOI Listing |
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Background: Vaginal atresia (VA) is a rare female genital tract malformation characterized by the absence or incomplete development of the vagina, often leading to cyclic abdominal pain and menstrual blood retention in adolescent patients. Vaginal atresia is often accompanied by multiple organ malformations. The condition poses significant challenges in diagnosis and management, requiring a multidisciplinary approach.
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Spermatozoa must undergo a complex maturation process within the female genital tract known as capacitation. This process entails the phosphorylation or dephosphorylation of various proteins, and multiple signaling pathways are recognized to play a role. The present study aims to identify alterations in the expression of proteins related to the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway and assess sperm functions during capacitation.
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Clinical Obstetric and Gynecological V Buzzi, ASST-FBF-Sacco, Via Castelvetro 24-20124-University of the Study of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4α as a Sensitive Marker for Uterine Endocervical Adenocarcinomas and their Precursors.
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Department of Pathology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan. Electronic address:
Context: Hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-4α is a marker of gastrointestinal tumor differentiation; however, its expression in endocervical tumors remains unclear.
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Epithelial and mesenchymal compartments of the developing bladder and urethra display spatially distinct gene expression patterns.
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Article Synopsis
- The lower urinary tract, consisting of the bladder and urethra, develops from the cloaca, with the bladder forming from the urogenital sinus and the urethra extending into the genital tubercle.
- Engineering a fully functional bladder lining is challenging, and the urethral epithelium's immune roles are under-researched, highlighting the need for a better understanding of the epithelial and mesenchymal interactions that drive development.
- This study identified specific genes involved in bladder and urethra development in mice, revealing differences in gene expression patterns related to sex and offering insights for future regenerative therapies.
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