Background: Counterfeiting and the sale of substandard pharmaceutical products can no longer be ignored. At 10% of global trade, counterfeiting is affecting many countries, causing serious downstream expenses and resource shortages.
Objective: To describe the nature and impact of drug product counterfeiting and substandard product sale and to present strategies that may have value in ameliorating these phenomena.
Methods: A literature review was conducted, supplemented by interviews of key leaders/experts in the field and the search of relevant web sites. All of the data were combined, integrated, and coordinated to present the complete picture of this problem.
Results: In addition to known corruption in some of the least developed countries, the trail through developed countries was detected. This report identifies means to detect faulty products and describes efforts toward resisting and ending these corrupt practices.
Conclusions: Counterfeit drugs, if not stopped, can be responsible for a macroeconomic pandemic where major portions of some populations may be too ill to work and where the health sector resources are completely overwhelmed, as with the case of HIV/AIDS.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2008.05.002 | DOI Listing |
J Environ Manage
January 2025
School of Economics and Management, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211189, China. Electronic address:
This study combines an asymmetric TVP-VAR model with interpretable machine learning algorithms to confirm the presence of asymmetries in spillover effects within China's green finance market and to identify the macroeconomic drivers behind these effects. The key findings are as follows: First, China's green finance market has become a prominent transmitter of energy risk spillovers, with a significant asymmetry in its external effects-negative return spillovers exceed positive ones. This asymmetry is especially evident during extreme events like the 2014 oil price crash and the COVID-19 pandemic, indicating that investors in this market are more responsive to negative news.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPLoS One
December 2024
Sport Economics, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
Despite experiencing a dip during the COVID-19 pandemic, football remains a robust multi-billion-euro industry. The accurate prediction of team values holds immense significance for teams, investors, and other stakeholders. In this research, we delve into the determinants of German Bundesliga team values, encompassing performance-based metrics, macroeconomic indicators, and demographic statistics.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPolicy Polit Nurs Pract
November 2024
Department of Personalized Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
The healthcare sector is ubiquitously plagued by workforce shortages in economies around the globe. The fragility of this structural shortage becomes apparent when external shocks, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, exacerbate the lack of workers in clinical practice. In this article, we summarize current trends in healthcare workforce development across the globe, review theoretical concepts of workforce shortages, and discuss policies to address them.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ R Soc Interface
September 2024
Department of Computational Hydrosystems, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany.
BMJ Glob Health
September 2024
Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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