Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@pubfacts.com&api_key=b8daa3ad693db53b1410957c26c9a51b4908&a=1): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 176
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 176
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 250
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3122
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 575
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 489
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Naturally occurring antibodies that react with xenogeneic antigens are a clinically important subset of antibodies because they initiate hyperacute rejection of organs transplanted between disparate species. This currently precludes the use of nonprimate organs for human transplantation. Most antibodies that arise after immunization are monoreactive, i.e., bind only to the immunogen. Similarly, some "natural" antibodies, e.g., isohemagglutinins, bind in a monoreactive manner. In contrast, other natural antibodies, e.g., those that bind to actin, are polyreactive (i.e., bind to multiple ligands). Such polyreactive antibodies may be derived predominantly from CD5+ B cells. In this study, we demonstrate that the majority of xenoreactive natural antibodies in human serum are polyreactive, as indicated by the ability of ssDNA and thyroglobulin (ligands commonly used as targets of polyreactive antibodies) to block the binding of the antibodies to xenogeneic antigens, whereas these ligands could not block the binding of antitetanus antibodies to tetanus toxoid. Furthermore, we compared the ability of 8 polyreactive and 7 monoreactive human mAb to bind to porcine antigens. All of the polyreactive mAb reacted with porcine antigens at mAb concentrations less than 3 micrograms/ml, while none of the monoreactive mAb reacted at concentrations less than 3 micrograms/ml. Each polyreactive mAb reacted with partially overlapping, but distinct sets of porcine cell surface moieties. These results indicate that human polyreactive mAb can bind to multiple xenogeneic antigens in a selective manner and that xenoreactive natural antibodies in human serum are largely polyreactive.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007890-199110000-00024 | DOI Listing |
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