Introduction: Tooth movement simulation is important for planning the optimal force system and appliance design to correct a specific malocclusion. Experimental verification of a 3-dimensional force system is described for a unique molar root movement strategy that can be adapted to many clinical scenarios.
Methods: The force system was measured for molar root movement springs that had adjustable alpha (anterior) and beta (posterior) moments. A 3-dimensional transducer assessed moments and forces in 3 planes during deactivation and simulated molar rotation. Two experimental situations were compared by using 10 springs in each group: spring reactivation was performed to compensate for changes in the force system caused by molar movement, or there was no reactivation.
Results: Without reactivation, the force system becomes unfavorable after approximately 5 degrees of molar movement (rotation). With reactivations, a favorable force system through 20 degrees of molar movement is maintained.
Conclusions: Present root-movement appliances require periodic adjustment to achieve optimal tooth movement. Additional studies are needed to design orthodontic appliances for delivering optimal force systems for the entire range of tooth movement.
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