The paper is designed to discuss problems of morbidity, treatment, rehabilitation, and late follow-up development in children of extremely low birth weight (500-999 g). Despite the use of modern methods of rehabilitation and nursing, the overwhelming majority of such children develop severe combined somato-neurologic pathology leading to disability (polymorphic lesions in the nervous system, broncho-pulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy, etc.). Efficacious approach to the reduction of frequency and severity of polysystemic pathological conditions requires improvement and development of new methods of resuscitation and intensive therapy based on up-to-date neuroprotective technologies (including the use of anticytokines and stem cells) and their combination with non-medicamentous therapeutic modalities.
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