Phenytoin sodium/diphenyl hydantoin (DPH) is used by a major segment of epileptics and neuro surgery patients with head injury to prevent seizures. DPH is a known mutagen, carcinogen, and teratogen. Essential fatty acids (EFAs) are critical for various tissues and were reported to act as anti-mutagenic agents. In the present study we assessed the effect of five EFAs on DPH-induced genetic damage both in vitro and in vivo. DPH induced significant genetic damage. Of all the EFAs (linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid) studied, all except eicosapentaenoic acid showed significant decrease in DPH induced genetic damage as assessed by micronucleus (MN) test. However, gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) was found to be the most effective in reducing the number of MN containing lymphocytes both in vitro and in vivo to control values. EFAs when tested alone produced insignificant increase in the amount of genetic damage but when tested in combination with DPH the number of micronuclei containing lymphocytes was reduced; but the DNA ladder pattern, an indication of DNA damage, was increased. This apparently paradoxical action of EFAs, especially of GLA, suggests that, in all probability, fatty acids induce apoptosis of cells that harbor significant DNA damage. Based on these results we suggest that GLA functions as a unique endogenous molecule that protects cells from accumulating genetic damage.
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