Background: The surgical treatment for obesity promotes massive weight loss and early improvement in co-morbid conditions such as type-2 diabetes. Because surgically mediated glycemic improvements are immediate, the mechanisms involved appear to be weight loss independent. Ileal interposition has been used to gain understanding of the relative role that the lower intestine plays in mediating metabolic improvement. Here, we report that ileal interposition is sufficient for improving glucose tolerance in a low-dose streptozotocin-treated diabetic rat model as well as in normal rats with no effect on body weight.
Methods: Male Long-Evans rats were treated with streptozotocin (35 mg/kg) or left untreated and then received sham or ileal interposition. Body weight was measured as well as glucose and insulin tolerance. Plasma insulin and gut hormones were measured during the glucose tolerance test.
Results: Streptozotocin treatment resulted in hyperglycemia within 48 h after treatment. Diabetic rats with ileal interposition showed improvement in glucose tolerance as early as 4 weeks after surgery compared to sham (p < 0.05). By 11 weeks after surgery glucose and insulin tolerance was markedly improved in interposed-diabetic compared to sham-diabetic rats (p < 0.05). Normal non-diabetic rats showed improved glucose tolerance after ileal interposition compared to sham (p < 0.05). Insulin secretion was increased in interposed rats following glucose administration (p < 0.05). The ileal-derived hormones glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and glucagon were all significantly elevated in the ileal interposed rats (p < 0.01). Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) was unchanged. In neither study did body weight between the surgical groups differ at any time point.
Conclusions: Ileal interposition effectively improves glucose tolerance in streptozotocin-diabetic and euglycemic rats. Enhanced insulin secretion can explain the lowered glucose concentrations in euglycemic rats following ileal interposition. Ileal interposition is associated with dramatically elevated ileal hormones, GLP-1, PYY, and glucagon (p < 0.01) with no change in the duodenal hormone GIP.
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