A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: file_get_contents(https://...@pubfacts.com&api_key=b8daa3ad693db53b1410957c26c9a51b4908&a=1): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests

Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php

Line Number: 176

Backtrace:

File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 176
Function: file_get_contents

File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 250
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url

File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3122
Function: getPubMedXML

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 575
Function: pubMedSearch_Global

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 489
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword

File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

Pitfalls in immunohistochemical validation of tumor marker expression--exemplified in invasive cancer of the uterine cervix. | LitMetric

Objectives: To study if immunohistochemical expression of tumor markers as prognostic predictors is influenced by clinical stage, adjustments for expression of other tumor markers and histological type in cervical cancer.

Methods: The study included 129 women with squamous cell cancer and 29 women with adenocarcinomas. Expression of 9 tumor markers relevant for cervical cancer and selected to represent different mechanisms in carcinogenesis was analysed. These were Ki-67, c-myc, LRIG1, p-53, p-27, CD44, VEGF, Cox-2 and CD4+.

Results: In late-stage cancer a higher number of tumor-infiltrating CD4 positive cells were associated with a favourable prognosis while a higher Ki-67 index with a poor prognosis. In early-stage cancer a high LRIG1 expression was associated with a favourable prognosis. Significantly different expressions were found at early-stage versus at late-stage squamous cell cancer for VEGF, p27 and LRIG1 which were all more strongly expressed in early stages. Adjustments for all selected tumor markers and clinical stage converted VEGF and LRIG1 expression from non-significant to significant prognostic predictors while the association between p53 expression and good prognosis was strengthened. Adjustments for Cox-2 and c-myc had the strongest impact on VEGF as a prognosis predictor and LRIG1 was most influenced by adjustment for p53. All correlations became non-significant when women with adenocarcinoma and other invasive tumor types were included.

Conclusions: Failure to analyse clinical stages separately, failure to adjust for expression of relevant concurrent tumor markers and inclusion of different histological subtypes into the same study group may lead to false conclusions regarding the significance of prognostic tumor markers.

Download full-text PDF

Source
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2008.09.013DOI Listing

Publication Analysis

Top Keywords

tumor markers
24
expression tumor
12
tumor
8
prognostic predictors
8
clinical stage
8
squamous cell
8
cell cancer
8
associated favourable
8
favourable prognosis
8
lrig1 expression
8

Similar Publications

Want AI Summaries of new PubMed Abstracts delivered to your In-box?

Enter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!