Chemical speciation by sequential injection analysis: an overview.

The simplicity of the sequential injection (SIA) manifold and its low need for maintenance makes it an ideal tool in speciation. As miniaturization and reduction of reagent consumption are also ultimate goals in chemical sensing, it is useful to review the use of combined injection and programmed flow as a central issue in designing SIA systems with chemical sensors and structurally simplified chemical analysers. This overview gives an insight into the current state, analytical scope and performance characteristics of sequential injection systems as analytical tools for speciation. The suitability of SIA for speciation analysis is illustrated by the methods used in the conduits of sequential injection systems for the chemical conversion of different chemical forms into detectable chemical species. Configurations of the basic sequential injection speciation analysis systems were designed around a multi-syringe-time-based-injection system with one detector, direct and indirect speciation of different forms using a single detector including diode array detection and direct speciation of different forms using multiple detection. Examples showing the use of SIA for the simultaneous determination or speciation of metal ions, inorganic anions and organic compounds are given with some recent results from our research groups.