Protamine HP4 is a minor protein which was purified from human sperm nuclei. It was characterized by its amino acid composition, peptide mapping after digestion with highly specific endoproteinases and finally by its amino acid sequence. Protamine HP4 contains high amounts of arginine, cysteine and histidine. The primary structure of the protein was established by sequence analysis of intact protamine and of its fragments. HP4 is a P2-type protamine of 58 residues (Mr 7783) structurally related to human protamines HP2 and HP3 from which it only differs by an amino-terminal extension of one and four residues, respectively. These three protamines exhibit a close structural relationship with mouse protamine mP2. The heterogeneity of protamines in human sperm nuclei is discussed.
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Proteomic analysis of human sperm reveals changes in protamine 1 phosphorylation in men with infertility.
F S Sci
May 2024
Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Objective: To perform a comprehensive assessment of protamine (P) isoforms and modifications in human sperm with the aim of identifying how P modifications and isoforms are altered in men with reduced sperm motility and low sperm count.
Design: Cross-sectional.
Setting: Academic medical center.
Characterization of Human Sperm Protamine Proteoforms through a Combination of Top-Down and Bottom-Up Mass Spectrometry Approaches.
J Proteome Res
January 2020
EUGIN-UB Research Excellence Program, Molecular Biology of Reproduction and Development Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica (FCRB), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona , Spain.
Protamine 1 (P1) and protamine 2 (P2) family are extremely basic, sperm-specific proteins, packing 85-95% of the paternal DNA. P1 is synthesized as a mature form, whereas P2 components (HP2, HP3, and HP4) arise from the proteolysis of the precursor (pre-P2). Due to the particular protamine physical-chemical properties, their identification by standardized bottom-up mass spectrometry (MS) strategies is not straightforward.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFProtamine 2 precursors and processing.
Protein Pept Lett
August 2011
Human Genetics Research Group, IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
Protamine 2 (P2) is synthesised as a precursor protein (pre-P2) which by proteolysis is processed to generate the mature components of the protamine 2 family of proteins (HP2, HP3 and HP4). In infertile patients, abnormal processing of the protamine 2 precursors has been suggested by the detection of an increased presence of precursor forms. However, the presence of small detectable amounts of precursor proteins has been demonstrated also in normal sperm samples, although the variation of pre-P2 in individual human sperm cells had not yet been explored.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEnhanced delivery efficiency of recombinant adenovirus into tumor and mesenchymal stem cells by a novel PTD.
Cancer Gene Ther
November 2008
1Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea.
Protein transduction domains (PTDs) are small peptides that facilitate the transduction of large molecules such as polyproteins, DNA and viruses into a eukaryotic cell. Here, we demonstrated that a novel PTD (HP4) derived from herring protamine appeared to enter C6Bu1 rat glioma cell lines more rapidly than other known PTDs such as Tat, Antp and Hph-1. Moreover, HP4 significantly enhanced in vitro transduction of recombinant adenoviruses (rAds) into various cancer cell lines, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and dendritic cells, which are relatively resistant to rAd infection.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInteraction of human P1 and P2 protamines with DNA.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun
June 1994
Institut de Recherches sur le Cancer, Lille, France.
The interaction of two classes of human sperm protamines, P1 (HP1) and P2 (HP2, HP3, HP4), with DNA was investigated. Gel mobility shift assays with a range of DNA fragments of defined sizes show that, whatever its length, all the DNA is complexed with protamines at arginine to phosphate ratio of 0.1.
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