Molten salts at room temperature and their mixtures with water or molecular solvents are excellent candidates for future replacement of most of organic solvents used in many industrial processes. To make this possible and to allow efficient application, it is necessary to determine physico-chemical parameters (such as the acidity scales) for these reaction media. This work follows a study of the autoprotolysis constants (K(s)) of water-1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (bmimBF(4)) mixtures at 298.15K over the composition range of 0-77.43 vol.% bmimBF(4) [I. Bou Malham, P. Letellier, M. Turmine, Talanta 72 (2007) 155-164]. In this second analysis, we determined the values of the dissociation constant (pK(a)) of various conjugate acid-base pairs for the same water-bmimBF(4) mixtures, to establish acidity scales for each medium. These data can be used to produce proton buffer solutions and thus to control the acidity level of water-ionic liquid (IL) mixtures. We compare the values of pK(a) for acid-base pairs in water-bmimBF(4) mixtures with published values for water-methanol mixtures.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2008.05.041 | DOI Listing |
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
January 2025
Department of Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125.
The diversity and heterogeneity of biomarkers has made the development of general methods for single-step quantification of analytes difficult. For individual biomarkers, electrochemical methods that detect a conformational change in an affinity binder upon analyte binding have shown promise. However, because the conformational change must operate within a nanometer-scale working distance, an entirely new sensor, with a unique conformational change, must be developed for each analyte.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAnal Chem
January 2025
Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States.
Two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) spectroscopy is a powerful technique for measuring molecular heterogeneity and dynamics with a high spatiotemporal resolution. The methods can be applied to characterize specific residues of proteins by incorporating frequency-resolved vibrational labels. However, the time scale of dynamics that 2D IR spectroscopy can measure is limited by the vibrational label's excited-state lifetime due to the decay of 2D IR absorption bands.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFOrg Lett
January 2025
Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States.
General procedures for the rhodium-catalyzed annulation of aryl/heteroaryl -pivaloyl hydroxamic acids and norbornadiene have been developed. Employing norbornadiene as an acetylene equivalent enables utilization of diverse heterocyclic substrates for this transformation which fail to react or undergo competitive Lossen rearrangement under previously reported conditions. Microwave heating significantly reduces reaction times compared to conventional protocols and allows a one-step process to be realized.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Cosmet Dermatol
January 2025
College of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Background: Acne is a common condition observed in adolescents and in most severe acne the scars develop. There are numerous treatment options for acne scars. However, no standardized guidelines have been established to guide physicians in the optimal treatment of acne scars.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEMBO Rep
January 2025
Killer Cell Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Cytotoxic lymphocytes are crucial to our immune system, primarily eliminating virus-infected or cancerous cells via perforin/granzyme killing. Perforin forms transmembrane pores in the plasma membrane, allowing granzymes to enter the target cell cytosol and trigger apoptosis. The prowess of cytotoxic lymphocytes to efficiently eradicate target cells has been widely harnessed in immunotherapies against haematological cancers.
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