Structural proteomics of membrane proteins: a survey of published techniques and design of a rational high throughput strategy.

Approximately one third of the proteins encoded in prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes reside in the membrane. However, membrane proteins comprise only a minute fraction of the entries in protein structural databases. This disparity is largely due to inherent difficulties in the expression and purification of sufficient quantities of membrane targets. To begin addressing the challenges of membrane protein production for high throughput structural proteomics efforts, the authors sought to develop a simple strategy that would permit the standardization of most procedures and the exploration of large numbers of proteins. Successful methods that have yielded membrane protein crystals suitable for structure determination were surveyed first. A number of recurrent trends in the expression, solubilization, purification, and crystallization techniques were identified. Based largely on these observations, a robust strategy was then developed that rapidly identifies highly expressed membrane protein targets and simplifies their production for structural studies. This method has been used to express and purify intramembrane proteases to levels sufficient for crystallization. This strategy is a paradigm for the purification of many other membrane proteins, as discussed.