Sensory neuronopathy in association with connective tissue disease is a disabling disorder for which there is no well-established therapy. Various immunosuppressive agents, plasmapheresis, and intravenous immunoglobulin have shown only anecdotal or modest beneficial effects. Tumor necrosis factor alpha is a proinflammatory cytokine that mediates TH1-cell inflammatory responses and is a plausible contributor to dorsal root ganglion injury in sensory neuronopathy. We describe a patient with severe painful and ataxic sensory neuronopathy in association with systemic lupus erythematosus, who showed marked and sustained improvement on etanercept, a tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitor, despite a chronic and progressive course that was refractory to several immunomodulatory interventions. We review the therapeutic potential of tumor necrosis factor alpha blockade in immune-mediated neuropathies and the reported neurologic complications from its use, most notably central and peripheral demyelination.
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