Kemp's triacid (KTA) and cyclohexane tricarboxylic acid (CTA) are small-molecule model systems for acrylic acid polymers, having the same functionalities and stereoregularities as isotactic poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), respectively. As part of an ongoing investigation of radicals produced by photolysis of acrylic polymers, the photochemistry and free radicals from the model systems have been studied using time-resolved EPR spectroscopy as a function of temperature and pH. Radicals are created by direct photolysis of the acids at 248 nm or by sensitized photo-oxidation using quinone triplet states at 308 nm. The two methods of radical production lead to different chemically induced electron spin polarization (CIDEP) patterns in the ensuing radicals, which are simulated and discussed. Well-resolved spectra are obtained at all temperatures for the model system radicals, which are determined to be in the slow motion condition. DFT calculations of the model system radicals are presented and discussed in support of the experimental data.
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Int J Drug Policy
January 2025
MGH Institute for Technology Assessment, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02144, USA. Electronic address:
The overdose epidemic in the United States is evolving, with a rise in stimulant (cocaine and/or methamphetamine)-only and opioid and stimulant-involved overdose deaths for reasons that remain unclear. We conducted interviews and group model building workshops in Massachusetts and South Dakota. Building on these data and extant research, we identified six dynamic hypotheses, explaining changes in stimulant-involved overdose trends, visualized using causal loop diagrams.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFACS Nano
January 2025
Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-5061, United States.
The recent development of modular universal chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell platforms that use bifunctional adaptor intermediates to redirect engineered T-cell effector function has greatly expanded the capabilities of adoptive T-cell therapy, enabling safer and more comprehensive cancer treatment. However, universal CAR receptor systems rely on unstable transient recognition of tag-coupled intermediates for T-cell activation, and the array of targeting intermediates has been limited to antibodies and small molecules. Addressing these shortcomings, we engineered universal CAR T-cell receptors that can be covalently modified with synthetic biomaterials by accelerated SpyCatcher003-SpyTag003 chemistry for cancer-cell targeting.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFChaos
January 2025
Physics Institute, University of São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
In this work, we investigate the dynamics of a discrete-time prey-predator model considering a prey reproductive response as a function of the predation risk, with the prey population growth factor governed by two parameters. The system can evolve toward scenarios of mutual or only of predators extinction, or species coexistence. We analytically show all different types of equilibrium points depending on the ranges of growth parameters.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFChaos
January 2025
School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
The differential equations involving two discrete delays are helpful in modeling two different processes in one model. We provide the stability and bifurcation analysis in the fractional order delay differential equation Dαx(t)=ax(t)+bx(t-τ)-bx(t-2τ) in the ab-plane. Various regions of stability include stable, unstable, single stable region (SSR), and stability switch (SS).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFChaos
January 2025
School of Mathematics and Statistics, University College Dublin, Dublin 4 D04 V1W8, Ireland.
Synaptic plasticity plays a fundamental role in neuronal dynamics, governing how connections between neurons evolve in response to experience. In this study, we extend a network model of θ-neuron oscillators to include a realistic form of adaptive plasticity. In place of the less tractable spike-timing-dependent plasticity, we employ recently validated phase-difference-dependent plasticity rules, which adjust coupling strengths based on the relative phases of θ-neuron oscillators.
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