Classical conditioning of eyeblink responses has been one of the most important models for studying the neurobiology of learning, with many comparative, ontogenetic, and clinical applications. The current study reports the development of procedures to conduct eyeblink conditioning in preweanling lambs and demonstrates successful conditioning using these procedures. These methods will permit application of eyeblink conditioning procedures in the analysis of functional correlates of cerebellar damage in a sheep model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, which has significant advantages over more common laboratory rodent models. Because sheep have been widely used for studies of pathogenesis and mechanisms of injury with many different prenatal or perinatal physiological insults, eyeblink conditioning can provide a well-studied method to assess postnatal behavioral outcomes, which heretofore have not typically been pursued with ovine models of developmental insults.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.122.3.722 | DOI Listing |
Commun Psychol
December 2024
Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
Associative learning is a key feature of adaptive behaviour and mental health, enabling individuals to adjust their actions in anticipation of future events. Comprehensive documentation of this essential component of human cognitive development throughout different developmental periods is needed. Here, we investigated age-related changes in associative learning in key developmental stages, including infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFClin Neurophysiol
December 2024
Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno (SABES-ASDAA), Vipiteno-Sterzing, Italy; Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care and Neurorehabilitation, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria. Electronic address:
Objective: Blink reflexes following supraorbital nerve (SON) stimulation are typically modulated by conditioning stimuli (CS) to the index finger (D2) (low-intensity, prepulse inhibition paradigm) or SON (same intensity, paired-pulse paradigm). We aimed to disentangle whether CS-intensity or CS-induced motor responses define blink reflex modulation.
Methods: In 35 subjects, test SON stimuli (8 times sensory threshold, 8 × ST) were applied either alone or following CS.
J Psychopathol Clin Sci
November 2024
Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington.
As clinical psychological science and biological psychiatry push to assess, model, and integrate heterogeneity and individual differences, approaches leveraging computational modeling, translational methods, and dimensional approaches to psychopathology are increasingly useful in establishing brain-behavior relationships. The field is ultimately interested in complex human behavior, and disruptions in such behaviors can arise through many different pathways, leading to heterogeneity in etiology for seemingly similar presentations. Parsing this complexity may be enhanced using "simple" tasks-which we define as those assaying elemental processes that are the building blocks to complexity.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDespite the emerging consensus that microglia are critical to physiological and pathological brain function, it is unclear how microglial roles and their underlying mechanisms differ between brain regions. Microglia throughout the brain express common markers, such as the purinergic receptor P2Y12, that delineate them from peripheral macrophages. P2Y12 is a critical sensor of injury but also contributes to the sensing of neuronal activity and remodeling of synapses, with microglial loss of P2Y12 resulting in behavioral deficits.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFParkinsonism Relat Disord
November 2024
Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Electronic address:
Introduction: Primidone and propranolol are primary treatments for essential tremor, however the exact mechanisms underlying their efficacy are not fully elucidated. Understanding how these medications alleviate tremor may guide the development of additional pharmacologic treatments. Our prospective observational study employed transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to explore mechanisms of primidone and propranolol effects in essential tremor.
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