Mirror visual feedback was originally devised as a therapeutic tool to relieve perceived involuntarily movements and paralysis in the phantom limb. Since this pioneering work was conducted in the mid-1990s, the technique has been applied to relieve pain and enhance movement in other chronic conditions such as stroke and complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) type 1. This review describes how mirror visual feedback was first developed with amputees, its original application in CRPS, and how further research has demonstrated its potential benefit within graded motor imagery programs. We discuss the potential mechanisms behind this technique and consider the implications for clinical practice.
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Human-like face pareidolia emerges in deep neural networks optimized for face and object recognition.
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Department of Experimental Psychology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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Section of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Department of Dentistry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
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"Aldo Ravelli" Research Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy; Unità di Psichiatria, Milano, Italy.
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